水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪發電(dian)機(ji)組銘牌(pai)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)總和(he)(he)(he)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站***重要的(de)(de)特征值之一(yi)，包括工作(zuo)(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)、備用容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)、檢修(xiu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)(he)受(shou)(shou)阻容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)中國(guo)常將(jiang)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)計算時(shi)(shi)段內的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)、備用容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)(he)檢修(xiu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)之和(he)(he)(he)稱為必需容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)不同(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文年(nian)、不同(tong)(tong)季(ji)(ji)節中，隨著水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站運行狀態以及電(dian)力系統對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站的(de)(de)要求不同(tong)(tong)，這些容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)，而且(qie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)條件(jian)下，它(ta)們之間(jian)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以相互(hu)轉化的(de)(de)。工作(zuo)(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)隨水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站能(neng)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)及系統負荷要求而變化，豐水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(能(neng)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da))和(he)(he)(he)負荷大(da)(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)，工作(zuo)(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)，相應備用容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)小(xiao)些；枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(能(neng)量(liang)(liang)小(xiao))和(he)(he)(he)系統負荷小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，工作(zuo)(zuo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)較小(xiao)，備用容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)大(da)(da)(da)些。水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站機(ji)組檢修(xiu)，一(yi)般安(an)排在(zai)(zai)(zai)枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji)(ji)，故(gu)枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji)(ji)檢修(xiu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)。庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)位低(di)時(shi)(shi)或低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)汛(xun)期(qi)下泄(xie)流量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭減小(xiao)，可(ke)能(neng)出現受(shou)(shou)阻容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭愈小(xiao)，受(shou)(shou)阻容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)愈大(da)(da)(da)。
水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站裝機容量的大小決定于(yu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站的能量指(zhi)標、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)中的地位和作用及其技(ji)術經濟(ji)特性。
水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)指標 能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)指標包括******出力和多年(nian)平均年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，是決定(ding)其裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的基礎。水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站以(yi)其能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)參加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)平衡，以(yi)核定(ding)其容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的效益(yi)。
水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在系統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)地位(wei)和(he)作(zuo)用(yong) 其地位(wei)和(he)作(zuo)用(yong)決定于(yu)(yu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)能量(liang)(liang)在年內的(de)(de)分(fen)配、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在系統(tong)(tong)日負(fu)荷(he)圖上(shang)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)位(wei)置及擔負(fu)系統(tong)(tong)備(bei)用(yong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)。當能量(liang)(liang)一定時，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)分(fen)配在系統(tong)(tong)負(fu)荷(he)大(da)(da)月份(容(rong)量(liang)(liang)平衡控制(zhi)月份)的(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)多，其裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在日負(fu)荷(he)圖上(shang)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)位(wei)置愈(yu)(yu)(yu)靠近尖(jian)峰，即水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在一天內的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)小(xiao)時數(shu)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)少(shao)，擔負(fu)調峰任務愈(yu)(yu)(yu)多，其裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)，但水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在一天內的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)小(xiao)時數(shu)，決定于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)尖(jian)峰的(de)(de)歷(li)時；水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)擔負(fu)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)備(bei)用(yong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)多，其裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)愈(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)。所以水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)遠大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)******出(chu)力(li)，裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)與******出(chu)力(li)的(de)(de)比值往(wang)往(wang)達到2～5，甚至更大(da)(da)。
水(shui)(shui)電站(zhan)在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)中的(de)(de)地(di)位和(he)作用(yong)，受(shou)其(qi)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)制約(yue)。具有(you)(you)季(年)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)以上的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電站(zhan)，才有(you)(you)可能(neng)將其(qi)能(neng)量(liang)較多(duo)地(di)分配到負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)大的(de)(de)月份，并能(neng)擔負(fu)(fu)(fu)事故備用(yong)。具有(you)(you)日(ri)調(diao)節(jie)以上調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電站(zhan)，才能(neng)擔負(fu)(fu)(fu)系(xi)統(tong)日(ri)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)尖峰負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)和(he)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)備用(yong)。具有(you)(you)不******日(ri)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力(li)、無(wu)調(diao)節(jie)或下游有(you)(you)航(hang)運(yun)基荷(he)(he)要求的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電站(zhan)，只能(neng)分別擔負(fu)(fu)(fu)系(xi)統(tong)日(ri)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)腰荷(he)(he)或基荷(he)(he)，裝機(ji)容量(liang)相(xiang)應受(shou)限(xian)制。
水電(dian)(dian)站技術(shu)經(jing)濟特(te)(te)性(xing) 與火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)相(xiang)比，水電(dian)(dian)站具有起停快、運行靈活，適(shi)宜于(yu)調峰和擔負系(xi)統備用(yong)(yong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)技術(shu)特(te)(te)性(xing)；且(qie)當壩(ba)高已定(ding)時(shi)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)費用(yong)(yong)低于(yu)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(約(yue)為火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)1/2)和增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)可相(xiang)應增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，從而(er)有節(jie)約(yue)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)燃料的(de)(de)經(jing)濟特(te)(te)性(xing)。故(gu)在一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)條件下(xia)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)水電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)比火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟。故(gu)水電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)年(nian)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)(shu)(即(ji)多年(nian)平均年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)與裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比值)或電(dian)(dian)站年(nian)負荷因數(shu)(shu)(裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)年(nian)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)(shu)除以8760h)，一(yi)般比火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)小(xiao)。調節(jie)性(xing)能較好的(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)站，且(qie)系(xi)統水電(dian)(dian)比重(zhong)又(you)不大時(shi)，其(qi)裝機(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)年(nian)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)(shu)可至(zhi)3000h或更(geng)小(xiao)。調節(jie)性(xing)能較差(cha)，且(qie)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統水電(dian)(dian)比重(zhong)較大時(shi)，水電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)年(nian)利用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)(shu)可在5000h以上。
裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇 常規方(fang)法是(shi)擬(ni)定水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)同的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序方(fang)案，進行(xing)(xing)(xing)經濟(ji)評價(jia)，評價(jia)中應包(bao)括與裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路及輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損失。當(dang)規劃期(qi)內將有(you)若(ruo)干個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)投產時，必須進行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)群(qun)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇，此時若(ruo)獨立地進行(xing)(xing)(xing)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)選擇，常常帶來謬誤(wu)的(de)(de)結(jie)果。常規方(fang)法是(shi)，******行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)群(qun)的(de)(de)綜合(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)選擇，然后(hou)再進行(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)間裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)分配。影響水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)群(qun)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分配的(de)(de)技(ji)術經濟(ji)因(yin)素為：①輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離長的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)宜小(xiao)些。②長引(yin)水(shui)道的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)調(diao)峰性(xing)能較差，且增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)費用較大(da)，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)宜過大(da)。③有(you)綜合(he)利(li)用限制(如航運(yun)(yun)基荷要求)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)將受限制。④增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)所(suo)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)宜適當(dang)大(da)些。⑤地面(mian)廠房電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)比地下廠房增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)利(li)。⑥梯級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分配，要照顧(gu)到容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)協調(diao)及運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)需要。⑦為了(le)補償調(diao)節的(de)(de)需要，某(mou)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)宜適當(dang)加(jia)(jia)大(da)。
優化方(fang)法是應用(yong)優化模型，進行(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)期水(shui)火電站裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)優化，含(han)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)及(ji)逐(zhu)年的(de)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序(xu)。模型可用(yong)動(dong)態規(gui)劃(hua)或(huo)(huo)(和(he))線性(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)構造(zao)。由于電力系(xi)統負荷不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)加大，電力系(xi)統聯網，系(xi)統內(nei)火電大機(ji)(ji)(ji)組和(he)核電機(ji)(ji)(ji)組不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)增多，以及(ji)水(shui)電站的(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)指(zhi)標隨著梯(ti)級調節和(he)跨流域補償調節的(de)實(shi)現可能(neng)有(you)較大改(gai)善等原因，水(shui)電站合理裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)應隨時(shi)間推(tui)移而加大。世界(jie)上有(you)不(bu)(bu)少水(shui)電站都(dou)采用(yong)分期建(jian)設的(de)方(fang)案，或(huo)(huo)在完建(jian)若干年后進行(xing)擴建(jian)以擴大裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)。
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內容編輯